Fears are experienced by everyone. Fears that are normal and that do not require treatment, would not be considered phobias. However, phobias are fears that are unreasonable. Phobias can be developed through classical conditioning. Reinforcement of stimuli can produce a response considered to be a phobia. According to University of Phoenix EBOOK COLLECTION: Psychology, Chapter 5 (pg 161), fears are obtained and brought out through the trigger of subcortical neural pathways. One example is how in adulthood, the sight of hypodermic needles causes fainting due to fear of being injected by a needle based on memories from childhood experiences. On the other hand addictions, which are compulsive, unsafe behaviors and usually found to be self-destructive, can be learned habits using operant conditioning. Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning are both used to develop phobias and addictive behaviors and this paper will explain the differences and also explain what extinction means and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. A couple of learning theorists na......

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